Lesson 22: Indian Traditions and Approaches to Communication from the Vedic Era to the 21st Century

Introduction

We will explore the rich and diverse traditions of communication in India. Spanning from the Vedic era to the 21st century, India’s approaches to communication have evolved to reflect the country’s socio-cultural, spiritual, and technological advancements. By understanding these traditions, we gain insight into how India’s unique cultural ethos has shaped its communication practices over time. Let’s begin by tracing the roots of communication in the Vedic era.

1. Communication in the Vedic Era

In ancient India, the Vedic period (circa 1500–500 BCE) laid the foundation for oral and spiritual traditions of communication. Communication during this era was deeply intertwined with religion, philosophy, and knowledge dissemination.

Key Features:

• Oral Tradition: Knowledge was transmitted orally through shruti (that which is heard) and smriti (that which is remembered). This ensured the preservation of texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Puranas.
• Mantras and Chanting: Mantras were powerful tools of communication, believed to connect humans with the divine. The rhythmic chanting created an immersive experience that enhanced understanding and memory.
• Guru-Shishya Parampara: The teacher-student relationship was a cornerstone of communication. Gurus imparted knowledge through discourse and dialogue in gurukuls (traditional schools).

Example:

The Bhagavad Gita is an excellent example of dialogic communication, where Lord Krishna uses persuasive and philosophical discourse to guide Arjuna.

2. Classical Period and Development of Written Communication

During the Mauryan and Gupta periods (circa 321 BCE–500 CE), written communication began to complement oral traditions. The development of scripts like Brahmi and Kharosthi marked a significant shift in communication practices.

Key Features:

• Epigraphy and Inscriptions: Rulers like Ashoka the Great used inscriptions on rocks and pillars to spread messages of governance, ethics, and religion. These inscriptions were written in multiple languages and scripts to reach diverse populations.
• Sanskrit Literature: Sanskrit emerged as a dominant language of communication, fostering the creation of classical works like Kalidasa’s plays and Aryabhata’s scientific treatises.
• Interpersonal Communication: Debates and discussions flourished in forums like sabhas (assemblies) and courts, encouraging intellectual exchange.

Example:

Ashoka’s Edicts, carved into stone, communicated principles of Dhamma (righteousness) to his subjects, emphasizing non-violence, tolerance, and welfare.

3. Medieval Period: Bhakti and Sufi Movements

The medieval period (circa 8th to 18th centuries) saw the rise of the Bhakti and Sufi movements, which revolutionized communication by making it more inclusive and emotionally resonant.

Key Features:

• Regional Languages: Saints like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Mirabai used local dialects to communicate with the masses, making their messages accessible.
• Music and Poetry: Bhakti and Sufi saints employed devotional songs and poetry to convey spiritual and social messages, creating an emotional bond with their audience.
• Interfaith Dialogue: Sufi mystics fostered harmony by blending Islamic and Hindu spiritual traditions, promoting understanding through shared values.

Example:

The poetry of Kabir, with its simple yet profound language, addressed universal themes of love, equality, and devotion, transcending religious boundaries.

4. Colonial Period: Print Media and National Awakening

The colonial period (18th to 20th centuries) marked the advent of modern communication technologies like the printing press, which played a pivotal role in India’s freedom movement.

Key Features:

• Growth of Print Media: Newspapers like Bengal Gazette (India’s first newspaper), Kesari, and The Hindu became platforms for social and political discourse.
• Freedom Struggle: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi used print media and pamphlets to mobilize people and spread messages of non-violence and self-reliance.
• Education and Literacy: Missionaries and reformers used printed materials to promote literacy and social reform.

Example:

Mahatma Gandhi’s newspaper Young India was a powerful tool for shaping public opinion and uniting Indians against British colonial rule.

5. Post-Independence: Mass Media and Broadcasting

Post-independence, India’s communication landscape expanded with the development of mass media, broadcasting, and public service communication.

Key Features:

• All India Radio (AIR): Established in 1936, AIR became a cornerstone of public communication, delivering news, entertainment, and educational content.
• Television: The launch of Doordarshan in 1959 brought visual communication to the forefront, with iconic programs like Hum Log and Krishi Darshan addressing social and agricultural issues.
• Cinema: Bollywood emerged as a powerful medium of storytelling and cultural expression, blending entertainment with social messaging.

Example:

The film Mother India (1957) communicated themes of resilience, sacrifice, and patriotism, resonating deeply with Indian audiences.

6. 21st Century: Digital Era and Globalization

In the 21st century, India has embraced the digital revolution, transforming communication practices and connecting people like never before.

Key Features:

• Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp have democratized communication, enabling individuals to share information and mobilize communities.
• E-Governance: Initiatives like Digital India leverage technology to improve communication between the government and citizens, enhancing transparency and efficiency.
• Content Creation: The rise of YouTube and other digital platforms has empowered individuals to create and share diverse content, reflecting India’s plurality.

Example:

The use of social media during the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan effectively engaged citizens in promoting cleanliness and hygiene.

Conclusion

India’s communication traditions, from the oral practices of the Vedic era to the digital innovations of the 21st century, reflect the nation’s rich cultural heritage and adaptability. These evolving practices demonstrate how communication serves as a bridge between past and present, fostering connection and progress. 

Next Lesson: Western and Eastern Philosophical, Ethical, and Aesthetic Perceptions of Communication